Imagine books as transformed trees. Some live only for a year, others for ten years, some stay alive during centuries. What would a graft of one of those trees look like?
Grafted trees takes quotes about trees from existing works.
Each graft is defined by its gardener, who is presented with a short biography scraped from Wikipedia.
The reader chooses the amount of seasons the graft will grow. A random noun is picked and defined as a 'bud' from which a new branch grows by replacing the word by its definition.
Grafted trees is a book in the 'Algoliterary Publishing House: making kin with trees'. The author of this book is the Oulipo's constraint of Littérature définitionnelle, invented by Marcel Bénabou in 1966: in a given phrase, one replaces every significant element (noun, adjective, verb, adverb) by one of its definitions in a given dictionary; one reiterates the operation on the newly received phrase, and again.
The book is by definition infinite and each copy is unique.
This copy counts {{ xxx }} chapters that correspond to the {{ xxx }} amount of seasons the reader wanted to see the graft grow.
Grafted trees is a work by Anaïs Berck, a pseudonym that represents a collaboration between humans, algorithms and trees. Anaïs Berck explores the specificities of human intelligence in the company of artificial and plant intelligences.
In this work Anaïs berck is represented by:
An Algoliterary Publishing House: making kin with trees finds its origins in the tradition of Oulipo (http://oulipo.net/) through the work of Algolit, the artistic research group around free code and text based in Brussels and initiated in 2012. That is why we think the Oulipo constraints deserve a place in it as authors. Following Wikipedia, Oulipo (French pronunciation: [ulipo], short for French: Ouvroir de littérature potentielle; roughly translated: "workshop of potential literature", stylized OuLiPo) is a loose gathering of (mainly) French-speaking writers and mathematicians who seek to create works using constrained writing techniques. It was founded in 1960 by Raymond Queneau and François Le Lionnais. Other notable members have included novelists Georges Perec and Italo Calvino, poets Oskar Pastior and Jean Lescure, and poet/mathematician Jacques Roubaud.
Oulipian constraints or constraint writing techniques can be compared to writing scripts of code. The instructions are clear and repetitive. A lot of them are easily trasnferrable to code. A famous example is Cent mille milliards de poèmes by Raymond Queneau. It is a book of ten poems cut in verses. From these verses you can create a hundred thousand billion properly-formed sonnets. Translated to an online version on http://www.bevrowe.info/Internet/Queneau/Queneau.html.
Algolit was inspired by Oulipo for their first coding and algoliterary experiments. In the spirit of Oulipo (http://oulipo.net/), Algolit participants share still today their experiences in coding and writing and explore new territories during monthly meetings. When the algoliterary writers engage in their work according to the principles of Oulipo they take up the notion of literature as the Oulipians understand it: this includes all linguistic production, from the dictionary to the Bible, from the entire work of Virginia Woolf to all the versions of Terms of Service published by Google since its existence. In this sense, code can also be literature. The participants of Algolit implement algorithms that function as constraint sequences, with the aim of being surprised, exploring and discovering instead of seeking to optimise a style or to strive for efficiency. Then a field of potential literature opens up. Not only can the results be literary, but also the code can be read as a literary creation. Indeed, the way variables and functions are named also opens a door to imaginary worlds, when they can abandon their need to serve production.
In the original constraint formulated by writer Marcel Bénabou, each meaningful term (noun, adjective, verb, adverb) in a given statement is replaced by one of its definitions in a given dictionary; the operation is repeated on the new statement obtained, and so on. For this edition we chose to simplify the constraint in order to enhance the legibility. We also chose to use the metaphor of the sentence as a graft from a book. The constraint indicates the growth of the graft. in that sense, it would be more 'natural' to have a graft growth following the original constraint to the detail.
Littérature définitionnelle is an Oulipo constraint by which in a given phrase, one replaces every significant element (noun, adjective, verb, adverb) by one of its definitions in a given dictionary; one reiterates the operation on the newly received phrase, and again.
In this book the growth is indicated in bold. A random noun is picked and defined as a 'bud' in italics. From this bud a new branch grows by replacing the word by its definition in Wordnet.
Wordnet is a combination of a dictionary and a thesaurus that can be read by machines. According to Wikipedia it was created in the Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University starting in 1985. The project was initially funded by the US Office of Naval Research and later also by other US government agencies including DARPA, the National Science Foundation, the Disruptive Technology Office (formerly the Advanced Research and Development Activity), and REFLEX.
Grafted trees'* uses Part-of-Speech to define all nouns in a specific sentence. Parts-of-Speech is a category of words: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and sometimes numeral, article, or determiner. NLTK, or the Natural Language Toolkit for the programming language Python allows to parse a sentence into words. Next, it includes an pretrained algorithm that can determine the part-of-speech of each word in that sentence. A random noun is then replaced by its definition in Wordnet.
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This book is a creation of Anaïs Berck. In this work Anaïs Berck is represented by:
The copy of this book is unique and the print run is by definition infinite. This copy is the XXX number of copies downloaded.
Collective terms of (re)use (CC4r), 2021 Copyleft with a difference: You are invited to copy, distribute, and modify this work under the terms of the work under the terms of the CC4r: https://gitlab.constantvzw.org/unbound/cc4r